Institute of English and Other Languages
University of Rajshahi
In the academic year 2022-2023, students will be admitted to various programs at the Institute of English and Other Languages.
Main Notice
Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSC) Exam- 2022
SSC exam is almost over. HSC exam is very near. As per the routine published on 12/09/2022, the HSC examination will start on 06/11/2022. So I request my dear HSC candidates to be more careful in their studies. One should have a broad idea of the most talked about topics of the present time. So that they can write the exam no matter what happens to them. Below are the most talked about topics of the moment:
Essays, paragraphs, dialogues on any of the above topics can appear in the exam. So have a good idea about the issues.
The coronavirus was to blame for the Covid-19 pandemic. it's an contagion caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that has affected innumerable people’s lives. The pandemic has impacted people all across the planet in diverse ways. it had been first discovered in Wuhan, China, in 2019. However, the globe Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed it a virus in March 2020, claiming that it's spread throughout the world like wildfire. The pandemic has claimed the lives of countless people. The virus had negative consequences for those that were infected, including the event of a range of chronic disorders. Because it's a viral disease, the virus spread quickly and took several forms.
The main symptoms of this disease were loss of smell and taste, fatigue, pale skin, sneezing, coughing, oxygen deficiency, etc. Because Covid-19 was an communicable disease, all those that were infected were instructed to segregate themselves from people who weren't. the parents who were affected were separated from their families and locked in an exceedingly room. the govt. has prioritised people’s safety. The frontline personnel were like superheroes, working tirelessly to make sure the public’s safety. For the sake of their patients’ and shut relatives’ safety, many doctors had to remain far from their families and babies. the govt has taken significant steps and implemented different protocols for the people’s protection. the govt has proclaimed a state of emergency and a partial shutdown throughout the country. For quite two years, all educational institutions were closed, negatively impacting children’s education.
A dialogue between two friends (Robin & John) about the problem of illiteracy.
Robin: Hi John! How are you?
John: Hey Robin! I am fine. What about you?
Robin: I'm fine too. What about your adult literacy centre?
John: Hello, all are good. Number of students is increasing day by day.
Robin: O, excellent! You are doing a great job. Please tell me friend why you are trying to educate our illiterate villagers free.
John: Sure! listen Robin, Illiteracy is similar to darkness. An ignorant person is not conscious about health, environment and even about his own rights. A country cannot be developed without educated people.
Robin: O, I see. Then, how can we eradicate illiteracy from the country?
John: You know, government has taken a wide step to remove illiteracy.
Robin:That’s right; but, can government alone solve this problem?
John: Certainly not. I think every educated person like you and I should come forward to educate the illiterate people of his own area.
Robin: I think guardians have also responsibilities.
John: Of course, each and every child should be sent to school.
Robin: Right John. I come to understand that I’m doing wrong not joining with you.
John: Then, let’s come with me. I think you will be very helpful to my work.
Robin: It’s a pleasure for me.
01. Question: What are coronavirus diseases?
Answer: Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.
02. Question: What causes COVID-19?
Answer: COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus strain.
03. Question: Where was COVID-19 first discovered?
Answer: The first known infections from SARS-CoV-2 were discovered in Wuhan, China. The original source of viral transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether the virus became pathogenic before or after the spillover event.
04. Question: When was COVID-19 first reported?
Answer: On this website (www.who.int) you can find information and guidance from WHO regarding the current outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that was first reported from Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019.
05. Question: How long have coronaviruses existed?
Answer: The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.
06. Question: What are the known coronaviruses that can infect people?
Answer: Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, fatality rate ~34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-CoV, and the original SARS-CoV.
07. Question: Is COVID-19 caused by a virus or a bacteria?
Answer: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by a virus, NOT by bacteria.
08. Question: In what conditions does COVID-19 survive the longest?
Answer: Coronaviruses die very quickly when exposed to the UV light in sunlight. Like other enveloped viruses, SARS-CoV-2 survives longest when the temperature is at room temperature or lower, and when the relative humidity is low (<50%).
09. Question: Can COVID-19 spread through food?
Answer: There is no evidence that COVID-19 can be spread through contact with food or food packaging. COVID-19 is generally thought to be spread from person to person. However, it’s always important to practice good hygiene when handling food to prevent any food-borne illnesses.
10. Question: Who issued the official name of COVID-19?
Answer: The official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued by the WHO on 11 February 2020.
11. Question: Can I get COVID-19 while swimming?
Answer: The COVID-19 virus does not transmit through water while swimming. However, the virus spreads between people when someone has close contact with an infected person.
12. Question: Can you get COVID-19 from faeces?
Answer: The risk of catching the COVID-19 virus from the faeces of an infected person appears to be low. There is some evidence that the COVID-19 virus may lead to intestinal infection and be present in faeces.
13. Question: Do smokers suffer from worse COVID-19 symptoms?
Answer: Early research indicates that, compared to non-smokers, having a history of smoking may substantially increase the chance of adverse health outcomes for COVID-19 patients, including being admitted to intensive care, requiring mechanical ventilation and suffering severe health consequences.
14. Question: How do viruses get their name?
Answer: Viruses are named based on their genetic structure to facilitate the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines. Virologists and the wider scientific community do this work, so viruses are named by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Coronavirus: All you need to know
15. Question: What are some of the animals that are susceptible to COVID-19?
Answer: Studies have identified a range of animals —such as cats, ferrets, hamsters, non-human primates, minks, tree shrews, raccoon dogs, fruit bats, and rabbits— that are susceptible and permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection[62][63][64] Some institutions have advised those infected with SARS‑CoV‑2 to restrict contact with animals.
16. Question: Who are at higher risk of developing serious illness from COVID-19?
Answer: Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.
17. Question: What is a healthy diet during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Answer:
18. Question: Can people with mild COVID-19 symptoms recover at home?
Answer: People with mild symptoms who are otherwise healthy should manage their symptoms at home. On average it takes 5–6 days from when someone is infected with the virus for symptoms to show, however it can take up to 14 days.
19. Question: What is the definition of a COVID-19 death?
Answer: A COVID-19 death is defined for surveillance purposes as a death resulting from a clinically compatible illness in a probable or confirmed COVID-19 case, unless there is a clear alternative cause of death that cannot be related to COVID-19 disease (e.g. trauma). There should be no period of complete recovery between the illness and death.
20. Question: What are signs and symptoms of the coronavirus disease?
Answer: Signs and symptoms include respiratory symptoms and include fever, cough and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome and sometimes death.
Standard recommendations to prevent the spread of COVID-19 include frequent cleaning of hands using alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water; covering the nose and mouth with a flexed elbow or disposable tissue when coughing and sneezing; and avoiding close contact with anyone that has a fever and cough.
21. Question: Can the coronavirus survive on surfaces?
Answer: It is not certain how long the virus that causes COVID-19 survives on surfaces, but it seems likely to behave like other coronaviruses. A recent review of the survival of human coronaviruses on surfaces found large variability, ranging from 2 hours to 9 days (11).
The survival time depends on a number of factors, including the type of surface, temperature, relative humidity and specific strain of the virus.
22. Question: Is coronavirus disease zootonic?
Answer: All available evidence for COVID-19 suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has a zoonotic source.
23. Question: How long does it take for symptoms of the coronavirus disease to appear?
Answer: On average it takes 5–6 days from when someone is infected with the virus for symptoms to show, however it can take up to 14 days.
24. Question: What is the meaning of SARS‐CoV‐2?
Answer: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), also known as the coronavirus, is the virus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
25. Question: What does it mean that coronaviruses are zoonotic?
Answer: Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans.
26. Question: What is the natural reservoir for SARS-CoV-2?
Answer: The most likely ecological reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 are bats, but it is believed that the virus jumped the species barrier to humans from another intermediate animal host. This intermediate animal host could be a domestic food animal, a wild animal, or a domesticated wild animal which has not yet been identified.
27. Question: Can people in quarantine eat fried foods?
Answer: WHO recommends limiting total fat intake to less than 30% of total energy intake, of which no more than 10% should come from saturated fat. To achieve this, opt for cooking methods that require less or no fat, such as steaming, grilling or sautéing instead of frying foods.
If needed, use small amounts of unsaturated oils like rapeseed, olive or sunflower oil to cook foods. Prefer foods that contain healthy sources of unsaturated fats, such as fish and nuts.
28. Question: Is it safe to take paracetamol before receiving the COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: Taking painkillers such as paracetamol before receiving the COVID-19 vaccine to prevent side effects is not recommended. This is because it is not known how painkillers may affect how well the vaccine works.
29. Question: What are the long lasting fruits and vegetables I should buy for COVID-19 quarantine?
Answer: WHO recommends consuming a minimum of 400 g (i.e. 5 portions) of fruits and vegetables per day. Citrus fruits like oranges, clementines and grapefruit are good options, as well as bananas and apples, which can also be cut into smaller pieces and frozen for later consumption or to add to smoothies.
Root vegetables such as carrots, turnips and beets, as well as vegetables like cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are relatively nonperishable. Garlic, ginger and onions are also great options to keep at home, as they can be used to add flavour to a variety of meals.
30. Question: Can COVID-19 spread in hot and humid climates?
Answer: From the evidence so far, the COVID-19 virus can be transmitted in ALL AREAS, including areas with hot and humid weather. Regardless of climate, adopt protective measures if you live in, or travel to an area reporting COVID-19. The best way to protect yourself against COVID-19 is by frequently cleaning your hands.
By doing this you eliminate viruses that may be on your hands and avoid infection that could occur by then touching your eyes, mouth, and nose. Studies suggest that coronaviruses (including preliminary information on the COVID-19 virus) may persist on surfaces for a few hours or up to several days.
31. Question: Can asymptomatic people transmit COVID-19?
Answer: Yes, infected people can transmit the virus both when they have symptoms and when they don't have symptoms. This is why it is important that all people who are infected are identified by testing, isolated, and, depending on the severity of their disease, receive medical care.
32. Question: What is the difference between asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic COVID-19?
Answer: Yes, both terms refer to people who do not have symptoms. The difference is that asymptomatic refers to people who are infected but never develop symptoms during the period of infection while pre-symptomatic refers to infected people who have not yet developed symptoms but do go on to develop symptoms later.
33. Question: How does COVID-19 spread?
Answer: The virus that cause COVID-19 spreads primarily through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks. You can also become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching your eyes, nose or mouth before washing your hands.
34. Question: Is consuming raw meat safe during the coronavirus disease pandemic?
Answer: The consumption of raw or undercooked animal products should be avoided. Raw meat, milk or animal organs should be handled with care, to avoid cross-contamination with uncooked foods, as per good food safety practices.
35. Question: Is it good to buy frozen fruits and vegetables to eat during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Answer: Is it good to buy frozen fruits and vegetables to eat during the COVID-19 pandemic?
All frozen fruits such as berries, pineapple and mango are great options, as they still contain high levels of fibre and vitamins and are often less expensive than the fresh versions. These frozen fruits can be added to juices, smoothies or porridge or eaten with low-fat plain yogurt after defrosting.
Frozen vegetables are nutritious, quick to prepare, and consuming them can help reach the recommendations, even when fresh foods are scarce.
36. Question: When was the official name of SARS-CoV-2 announced?
Answer: On 11 February 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses adopted the official name "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2).
37. Question: When we will find our world safe from it?
Answer: Fortunately, many scientists and medical specialists of the world have found a ray of hope after long research and been able to discover vaccines to prevent it. It’s our utmost expectation that very soon we will find our world a safe and sound place removing coronavirus- maybe within the year 2021.
38. Question: What have been some of the names for the COVID-19 pandemic?
Answer: The pandemic is known by several names. It is often referred to as its colloquial name, "the coronavirus pandemic",[9][10][11] despite the existence of other human coronaviruses that have caused epidemics and outbreaks (e.g. SARS).[12] Before it was declared a pandemic, it was known as "the coronavirus outbreak" and "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak"
39. Question: Can COVID-19 spread through food?
Answer: There is no evidence that COVID-19 can be spread through contact with food or food packaging. COVID-19 is generally thought to be spread from person to person. However, it’s always important to practice good hygiene when handling food to prevent any food-borne illnesses.
40. Question: How long have coronaviruses existed?
Answer: The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.
41. Question: Can I exercise outdoors during the coronavirus pandemic?
Answer: Do not exercise if you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing. Stay home and rest, seek medical attention and call in advance. Follow the directions of your local health authority.
42. Question: Has the coronavirus disease been detected in blood and stool?
Answer: COVID-19 virus has been detected in blood and stool, as had the coronaviruses responsible for SARS and MERS (14,16,19-21). The duration and frequency of shedding of COVID-19 virus in stool and potentially in urine is unknown.
43. Question: Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted through water?
Answer: Drinking water is not transmitting COVID-19. And, if you swim in a swimming pool or in a pond, you cannot get COVID-19 through water. But what can happen, if you go to a swimming pool, which is crowded and if you are close to other the people and if someone is infected, then you can be of course affected.
44. Question: Can you get COVID-19 from faeces?
Answer: The risk of catching the COVID-19 virus from the faeces of an infected person appears to be low. There is some evidence that the COVID-19 virus may lead to intestinal infection and be present in faeces.
45. Question: How long should I wash my hands during the COVID-19 pandemic?
Answer: Thorough hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is required. The WHO also recommends that individuals wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty, before eating and after blowing one's nose.
There are different types of abbreviations used in the textile & garments sector. We can't identify them all the time. As a textile & garments manufacturing professional, everyone should have a clear idea about those important abbreviations.
As its importance, in this article has shown 200 plus most used abbreviations with their full forms. These important abbreviations will help especially for job seekers, and textile & garments manufacturing professionals.
A
⇛ AAMA ⇼ American Apparels Manufacturing Association
⇛ AAMC ⇼ American Apparel Manufacturing Corporation
⇛ AAQC ⇼ American Apparels Quality control
⇛ AGM ⇼ Assistant general manager
⇛ AQL ⇼ Acceptable Quality Level
⇛ AQM ⇼ Assistant Quality Manager
⇛ ASQC ⇼ American Society for Quality Control
B
⇛ BAF ⇼ Bunker Adjustment Factor
⇛ BATEXPO ⇼ Bangladesh Textile Exposition
⇛ BCCFA ⇼ Bangladesh Custom Clearing & Forwarding Agent
⇛ BCI ⇼ Bangladesh Commerce & Investment
⇛ BEPZA ⇼ Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority
⇛ BGMEA ⇼ Bangladesh Garments Manufacture’s and Exporter’s Association
⇛ BJCP ⇼ Bangladesh Jute Cultivation Program
⇛ BJEC ⇼ Bangladesh Jute Export Corporation
⇛ BJMA ⇼ Bangladesh Jute Mills Association
⇛ BJMC ⇼ Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation
⇛ BKMEA ⇼ Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacture’s and Exporter’s Association
⇛ BL ⇼ Bill of Lading
⇛ BOM ⇼ Bill of Material
⇛ BS ⇼ Bill of Sale
⇛ BS ⇼ British Standard
⇛ BSCI ⇼ Business Social Compliance Initiative
⇛ BTMA ⇼ Bangladesh Textile Mills Association
⇛ BTMC ⇼ Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporation
C
⇛ CAD ⇼ Computer Aided Design
⇛ CAM ⇼ Computer Aided Manufacturing
⇛ CAP ⇼ Corrective Action Plan
⇛ CBA ⇼ Collective Bargaining Agent
⇛ CBI ⇼ Center Back Line
⇛ CBM ⇼ Cubic Meter
⇛ CEO ⇼ Chief executive officer
⇛ CF ⇼ Cubic Feet
⇛ CFI ⇼ Center Front Line
⇛ CFO ⇼ Chief financial officer
⇛ CI ⇼ Commercial Invoice
⇛ CIF ⇼ Cost Insurance and Freight
⇛ CIP ⇼ Commercially Important Person
⇛ CM ⇼ Cost of Making/Cut and Make/ Cost of Manufacturing
⇛ CMT ⇼ Cost of Making with Trimmings/Cut, Make & Trim
⇛ CnF ⇼ Cost and Freight
⇛ CO ⇼ Certificate of Origin
⇛ COC ⇼ Code of Conduct
⇛ COD ⇼ Cash on Delivery
⇛ COO ⇼ Chief operating officer/ Chief Operations Officer
⇛ CPM ⇼ Cost per minute
⇛ CPSIA ⇼ Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act
⇛ CRD ⇼ Cargo Receive Date
⇛ CT ⇼ Cycle Time
⇛ CTL ⇼ Consumer Testing Laboratories
⇛ C-TPAT ⇼ Customs-Trade Partnership against Terrorism
⇛ CWO ⇼ Cash with Order
D
⇛ D ⇼ Artificial Day Light
⇛ DDP ⇼ Delivered Duty Paid
⇛ DGM ⇼ Deputy General Manager
⇛ DHU ⇼ Defects per Hundred Unit
⇛ DMAIC ⇼ Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control
⇛ DMD ⇼ Deputy managing director
⇛ DOP ⇼ Director of Operations
⇛ DPR ⇼ Daily production report
⇛ DTM ⇼ Dyed to Match
E
⇛ ED ⇼ Executive director
⇛ EDI ⇼ Electronic Data Interchange
⇛ EDT ⇼ Estimated Delivery Time
⇛ EMB ⇼ Embroidery
⇛ EMS ⇼ Environment management system
⇛ EPB ⇼ Export Promotion Bureau
⇛ EPI ⇼ Ends Per Inch
⇛ EPZ ⇼ Export Processing Zone
⇛ ERP ⇼ Enterprise Resource Planning
⇛ ETA ⇼ Estimated Time of Arrival
⇛ ETD ⇼ Estimated Time of Departure
⇛ ETI ⇼ Ethical Treading Initiative
⇛ ETP ⇼ Effluent Treatment Plant
F
⇛ FA ⇼ Final Audit
⇛ FBCCI ⇼ Federation of Bangladesh Chamber of Commerce and Industries
⇛ FDI ⇼ Foreign Direct Investment
⇛ FI ⇼ Final Inspection
⇛ FIFO ⇼ First In First Out
⇛ FM ⇼ Factory Manager
⇛ FOA ⇼ Free on Air
⇛ FOB ⇼ Free on Board/Freight on Board
⇛ FPT ⇼ Fabrics performance test
⇛ FQA ⇼ Final Quality Audit
⇛ FT ⇼ Free Trade
⇛ FTC ⇼ Federal Trade Commission
G
⇛ GAT ⇼ General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
⇛ GCR ⇼ Garments Check Report
⇛ GDP ⇼ Gross Domestic product
⇛ GLM ⇼ Grams per linear meter
⇛ GM ⇼ General Manager
⇛ GMT ⇼ Garments
⇛ GNP ⇼ Gross National Product
⇛ GOTS ⇼ Global Organic Textile Standard
⇛ GPQ ⇼ Guideline for Production and Quality
⇛ GPT ⇼ Garments Performance Test
⇛ GSD ⇼ General Sewing Data
⇛ GSM ⇼ Grams Per Square Meter
⇛ GSP ⇼ Generalized System of Preference
⇛ GW ⇼ Gross Weight
H
⇛ HOM ⇼ Head of manufacturing
⇛ HOO ⇼ Head of Operations
⇛ HOP ⇼ Head of production
⇛ HQ ⇼ High Cubic Feet
⇛ HR ⇼ Human Resource
⇛ HRM ⇼ Human Resource Management
I
⇛ IC ⇼ Inspection Certificate
⇛ ICB ⇼ Investment Corporation of Bangladesh
⇛ ICC ⇼ International Chamber of Commerce
⇛ IE ⇼ Industrial Engineering
⇛ IESD ⇼ Industrial Engineering sewing data
⇛ ILO ⇼ International Labor Organization
⇛ IM ⇼ Import Procedure
⇛ IMS ⇼ Industrial Management System/ Service
⇛ IPC ⇼ In-Process Check
⇛ IPE ⇼ Industrial and production engineering
⇛ ISO ⇼ International Organization for Standardization
J
⇛ JS ⇼ Japan Industries Standard
K
⇛ KPI ⇼ Key Performance Indicator
L
⇛ L/C ⇼ Letter of Credit
⇛ LCA ⇼ Letter of Credit Authorization
⇛ LDC ⇼ Least Developed Country
⇛ LG ⇼ Letter of guarantee
⇛ LIFO ⇼ Last In First Out
⇛ LT ⇼ Lead Time
M
⇛ MD ⇼ Managing director
⇛ MDI ⇼ Managing for Daily Improvement
⇛ MIS ⇼ Management Information System
⇛ MMT ⇼ Measurement
⇛ MOQ ⇼ Minimum Order Quantity
⇛ MOU ⇼ Memorandum of Understanding
⇛ MP ⇼ Man Power
⇛ MTD ⇼ Month to Date
⇛ MTM ⇼ Measures Time in Terms
N
⇛ NGC ⇼ New Generation Computing
⇛ NOC ⇼ No Objection Certificate
⇛ NPT ⇼ Non Productive Time
⇛ NSA ⇼ No Seam Allowance
O
⇛ OB ⇼ Operation bulletin/ Breakdown
⇛ OEE ⇼ Overall Equipment Effectiveness
⇛ OQL ⇼ Outgoing Quality Level/ Observed Quality Level
⇛ OZ ⇼ Ounces
P
⇛ P/C ⇼ Polyester + Cotton
⇛ PC ⇼ Production coordinator
⇛ PCD ⇼ Planned Cut Date
⇛ PD ⇼ Production director
⇛ PDCA ⇼ Plan, Do, Check, Act
⇛ PDM ⇼ Production Details Manual
⇛ PI ⇼ Proforma Invoice
⇛ PM ⇼ Production Manager
⇛ POD ⇼ Port of Discharge
⇛ POL ⇼ Port of Lading
⇛ POM ⇼ Point of measurement
⇛ PO ⇼ Production Order/Purchase Order
⇛ PPC ⇼ Production Planning and control
⇛ PPE ⇼ Personal Protective Equipment
⇛ PPI ⇼ Picks Per Inch
⇛ PPM ⇼ Pre ⇼ production meeting
⇛ PP ⇼ Pre Production
⇛ PQI ⇼ Practice quality improvement/ Performance and Quality Improvement
⇛ PS ⇼ Production Sample
⇛ PSI ⇼ Pre ⇼ shipment Inspection
⇛ QC ⇼ Quality controller
⇛ QC ⇼ Quality Control
⇛ QI ⇼ Quality Inspector
⇛ QIP ⇼ Quality Improvement Plan
⇛ QMS ⇼ Quality Management System
⇛ QWL ⇼ Quality of Work Use
R
⇛ RCS ⇼ Recycled Claim Standard
⇛ RFD ⇼ Ready for Dyeing
⇛ RFID ⇼ Radio ⇼ frequency identification
⇛ RFT ⇼ Right First Time
⇛ RH ⇼ Relative Humidity
⇛ RMG ⇼ Ready Made Garments
⇛ RPM ⇼ Revolution per Minute
⇛ RQS ⇼ Requirement for quality system
⇛ RSL ⇼ Restricted Substances List
S
⇛ SAM ⇼ Standard Allowed Minute
⇛ SCM ⇼ Supply Chain Management
⇛ SKU ⇼ Stock Keeping Unit
⇛ SMV ⇼ Standard Minute Value
⇛ SOP ⇼ Standard Operating Procedure
⇛ SPC ⇼ Statistical process control
⇛ SPI ⇼ Stitch Per Inch
⇛ SPL ⇼ Stitch per length
⇛ SPM ⇼ Stitches per Minute
⇛ SPT ⇼ Stitch per tack
⇛ SQC ⇼ Statistical Quality Control
⇛ SQL ⇼ Submitted Quality Level
⇛ SRL ⇼ Sensory and Consumer Research
⇛ STP ⇼ Sewage Treatment Plants
T
⇛ TA ⇼ Time Action
⇛ TAP ⇼ Total Acceptable Product
⇛ TBA ⇼ To be announced
⇛ TBC ⇼ To be confirmed or to be continued
⇛ TBD ⇼ To be discussed/ defined/ decided
⇛ T/C ⇼ Tetron + Cotton
⇛ TIN ⇼ Tax Identification Number
⇛ TLS ⇼ Traffic Light system
⇛ TMUS ⇼ Time measurement units
⇛ TNA ⇼ Time and Action Plan
⇛ TPM ⇼ Total Productive Maintenance
⇛ TQM ⇼ Total Quality Management
⇛ TRL ⇼ Technology Readiness Level
U
⇛ UD ⇼ Utilization Declaration
⇛ UNITC ⇼ United Nations International Trade Center
⇛ UPC ⇼ Universal Product Code
V
⇛ VMS ⇼ Visual Management System
⇛ VPR ⇼ Vendor performance Record
⇛ VPP ⇼ Value Payable Post
⇛ VSM ⇼ Value stream mapping
W
⇛ WAS ⇼ Weekly Audit Schedule
⇛ WBS ⇼ Work Breakdown Structure
⇛ WFTUS ⇼ World Federation of Trade Unions
⇛ WH ⇼ Working Hour
⇛ WRAP ⇼ World Wide Responsible Apparels Product
⇛ WTO ⇼ World Trade Organization
⇛ WTP ⇼ Water Treatment Plant
X
⇛ XL ⇼ Extra Large
Important Abbreviations of Bangladesh
Y
⇛ YTD ⇼ Year to Date
⇛ YY ⇼ Yardage Yield
Z
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
www.nu.edu.bd
Syllabus for One-Year Preliminary to Master’s Course
Effective from the Session: 2016-2017
Course Code |
Course Title |
Credits |
411101 |
Language: Grammar, Reading, Writing And Comprehension |
4 |
411103 |
Romantic Poetry |
4 |
411105 |
Drama |
4 |
411107 |
Introduction To Prose |
4 |
411109 |
Victorian Literature |
4 |
411111 |
Novel And Short Story |
4 |
411113 |
Classics In Translation |
4 |
411115 |
American Literature |
4 |
411118 |
Viva voce |
4 |
|
36 |
|
Paper Code
|
411101 |
Credits: 4 |
Class Hours: 120hrs. |
|
Paper Title: |
LANGUAGE: GRAMMAR, READING, WRITING AND COMPREHENSION |
|||
Paper Code
|
4411103 |
Credits: 4 |
Class Hours: 120hrs. |
|
Paper Title: |
ROMANTIC POETRY |
|||
Paper Code
|
411105 |
Credits: 4 |
Class Hours: 120hrs. |
|
Paper Title: |
DRAMA |
|||
Paper Code
|
411107 |
Credits: 4 |
Class Hours: 120hrs. |
|
Paper Title: |
INTRODUCTION TO PROSE |
|||
Paper Code
|
411109 |
Credits: 4 |
Class Hours: 120hrs. |
|
Paper Title: |
VICTORIAN LITERATURE |
|||
Paper Code
|
411111 |
Credits: 4 |
Class Hours: 120hrs. |
|
Paper Title: |
NOVEL AND SHORT STORY |
|||
Paper Code
|
411113 |
Credits: 4 |
Class Hours: 120hrs. |
|
Paper Title: |
CLASSICS IN TRANSLATION |
|||
Paper Code
|
411115 |
Credits: 4 |
Class Hours: 120hrs. |
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AMERICAN LITERATURE |
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411118 |
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Viva voce |
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The restructured syllabus of SSC-2021 examination
The restructured syllabus of SSC-2021 examination : Chemistry
After the entries about the different forms of dialogue and the functions they have in history , finally the third installment of this topic to talk about the keys to writing a good dialogue.
If we listen to a real conversation and try to put it on paper, we quickly realize that this dialogue does not work at the narrative level. Real conversations are full of interruptions, unfinished sentences, and inconsistencies. The key is to maintain that verisimilitude of a real conversation, although without so many hiccups. But how do we do it?
It is essential to give a character a voice to know as much as possible about him. His personality, origin, age, education, profession, time in which he lives ... These are data that will give us the necessary clues to understand how he has to speak.
Of course, beware of dialects or defects in the diction of the characters, because it can tire the reader to find pages full of misspelled phrases or difficult to decipher.
When you have to dialogue, try to put yourself in the shoes of the characters, interpret their performance. Do it out loud, don't be shy (that's why, for years, I've only been able to write privately).
By becoming the actor of your own plays and performing them as you write, not only will it be easier for you to create dialogue that works, but you will even discover the gestures and actions that the dialogue is asking of you.
In general, use short sentences, omit the verbs in some cases, be concise, dynamic, don't miss a beat and the dialogue will flow better. This does not mean that you cannot add longer or more complex dialogue interventions, but it better not be the usual tonic.
Let's take as an example a fragment of the dialogue:
Do not panic.Don't use dialogue to explain what the action should have meant. The bad guy who exposes his diabolical plan to the hero point by point only works in parodies. If you have to explain the whole story to a reader at the end for it to be understood, you may have to revise it.
Also, don't use dialogue to say things that all the characters in the dialogue already know or that no one has asked. Always ask yourself if the phrase spoken in each dialogue makes sense, if someone could actually pronounce it.
As an example, taking a fragment of the dialogue by Douglas Adams, it is clear that this is not the same ...:
"Unfortunately, I've stayed on the ground for much longer than I intended," Ford said. I went for a week and stayed fifteen years. So far a bore took me, one of those rich kids with nothing to do and who go around looking for planets that have not yet made interstellar contact to announce their arrival. First they look for an isolated place where there are not many people, they land next to some poor innocent guy who nobody will ever believe, and then they strut in front of him wearing stupid antennas on their heads and doing beep! Beep! beep! It really is a very childish thing.
… Than this other:
"Unfortunately, I've stayed on the ground for much longer than I intended," Ford said. I went for a week and stayed for fifteen years.
"But how did you end up there?"
"Easy, I took a heavy load."
"A heavy?"
-Yes.
-And what is…?
"A heavy?" Heavy people are usually rich kids with nothing to do. They go around, looking for planets that have not yet made interstellar contact and announce their arrival.
"Do they announce your arrival?" Arthur began to suspect that Ford enjoyed making his life miserable.
"Yes," said Ford, "they announce your arrival." They look for an isolated place where there are not many people, they land next to some poor little innocent that nobody will ever believe, and then they strut in front of him wearing stupid antennas on their heads and doing beep! Beep! Beep ! It really is a very childish thing.
Also taking the previous dialogue as an example, a good way to make the dialogue credible and give it rhythm is through interruptions. Add cuts, questions and comments to make the conversation more fluid.
The characters have to live through dialogue, show their moods, change their minds, be happy, doubt, get angry or piss off. Again, interpret and notice how he has to say it, how the character feels when he says that phrase. This way you will discover what words to use and how to say them.
Like any other element of the narrative, when there is a dialogue it should be because it is the best way to tell that fragment, because there has to be. So, if you write a dialogue, try to make it for something, because it makes the story evolve, because at least one of the characters changes their mood, because things will happen while they talk.
In Douglas Adams' dialogue in the example in the previous post, Arthur goes through different moods. First he is in shock, he does not quite assimilate that the Earth has disappeared. Then he gets angry, scared, and finally resigns himself.
Do not forget that, while we speak, we do not usually stand still. While we speak, things also happen and sometimes stopping the dialogue to explain what is happening also brings realism to the scene, in addition to helping us move it forward.
This type of annotations should be noticed as little as possible. On this point I wrote a long time ago a post called the narrator in the dialogues , where I explain in more detail how to use the annotations while the characters speak.
As in all narrative techniques, the best way to learn is by writing and reading. Watching how teachers do it is essential to improve our writing.
When you read a novel or short story and find a dialogue that works well, underline it, photocopy it, write it down or mark it in some way. Then go back on it and crumble it until you understand its mechanism. Few things will help you more than this.
What do you think? Would you add any other key? What are your tricks or systems for creating dialogues?
Learning English alone has become much easier than ever before due to the widespread spread of modern information technology. We can easily learn English alone through various books, movies, apps, websites, etc. related to English from the internet.
In this post, we have included the necessary tips for learning English alone through our experience and web search. We believe that these tips will bring 100% success for a keen learn students to learn English alone.
You can also read: The Importance of Learning English
Ready! These are just some of the tips for learning English alone that we know. There are still others! But with the ones listed above, you will have a lot to do. You can also share your tips with us! To do this, just leave it in the comments area below.
