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The current era is the digital age. So all the systems in the digital age have to be digital. And so we want education, medicine and even banking to be done through transactions and digital methods.

Cost of Capital : Part - 01

The use of cards in transactions is increasing day by day. The card can be used to pay everything from shopping to food bills without any hassle. However, there are different types of cards. There is no end to the debates over debit and credit cards. Although debit and credit cards seem to be the same, there is a big difference. So friends, let's take a closer look at those differences.



01. What is a debit card?

A debit card is a plastic card through which a user can spend money deposited in a bank. This card is commonly known as a bank card or check card. It is usually used as an alternative to cash when shopping or eating at a restaurant. Many people call this card an electric check.


02. What is a credit card?

Although similar in appearance, it is the complete opposite of a debit card. With this card, the user can take a loan from the bank and spend. And the money has to be deposited in the bank within the stipulated time.


03. The difference between a debit and a credit card

Hopefully you have gained some idea about debit and credit cards from the above discussion. So this time we will know the differences between debit and credit cards.

Credit Card vs. Debit Card

  1. The main difference between a debit and a credit card is that you can spend money deposited in a bank with a debit card. And with a credit card you can get a loan from a bank.
  2. Debit cards are called cash cards. Credit cards, on the other hand, are called loan cards.
  3. In the case of debit cards, the bank pays the planet a profit on top of its money. On the other hand, in the case of credit cards, the customer pays the bank a profit on the money spent.
  4. EMI facility is not available on debit card. Credit cards, on the other hand, offer EMI benefits.
  5. Debit card users do not have to pay any processing fee. On the other hand, credit card users have to pay various fees including joining fee, processing fee, late payment fee, annual fee.
  6. Savings or Current Any customer can collect David Card. On the other hand, no one can collect credit cards if they want to. He has to collect the credit card by fulfilling the specific conditions of the bank. Such as whether he transacts regularly, how much he owes to other banks, etc.
  7. Many places online do not support debit cards. But payments can be made using credit cards everywhere online.
  8. No monthly statement is issued to the customer in case of debit card. Credit card customers, on the other hand, are given a monthly statement regarding their transactions.
  9. In case of using the fund, the debit card customer can only use the balance in his account. But the credit card holder can use the pre-approved amount from the bank. However, if the credit card holder has a high credit score account or corporate account, he is allowed to use a large amount of money.
  10. It goes without saying that there are no significant benefits in the case of debit cards. On the other hand, in the case of credit cards, you can enjoy benefits like cashback, discounts and reward points.


04. Important Advantages of Credit Cards?

Credit cards can:

  • Help you build positive credit history (when managed properly)
  • Provide protection if your card is lost or stolen
  • Offer rewards on purchases you’re already making
  • Provide additional benefits, like extended warranties on electronics
  • Give a “free” month-long loan (when you pay your bill in full)
  • Provide more flexibility when booking a hotel or renting a car


05. Abstract

Basically a debit card is like a pre-paid SIM which means you can use it as long as you have balance in your account otherwise you cannot use this card. Credit cards, on the other hand, are like a post-paid SIM. With this card, you can borrow from a bank and spend as much as you need.

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Abbreviations Related to Finance

A
AC : Amortized Cost
A/L : Assets/ Liabilities
AIR : Assumed Interest Rate
APR : Annual Percentage Rate
ARM : Adjustable Rate Mortgage
ATM : Automatic Teller Machine

B
BS or, B/S : Balance Sheet

C
CD : Certificate of Deposit
CB : Current Bid
CF : Cash Flow
CPM : Credit Portfolio Management
CMP : Current Market Price
CAGR : Compound annual growth rate
CAPEX : Capital Expenditures
CR : Credit Risk

D
DCF : Discounted Cash Flow


E
EBIT : Earning Before Interest and Taxes
EBITDA : Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization
ECF : Expected Cash Flow
ECP : Effective Cash Pooling
EIR : Effective Interest Rate
EPS : Earnings Per Share

F
F&R : Finance and Risk
FMA : Financial Market Authority
FX : Forex
FOREX : Foreign Exchange
FRB : Federal Reserve Board
FRB : Floating Rate Bond
FRN : Floating Rate Note
FT : Financial Transaction
FTP : Funds Transfer Pricing

G
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GNP : Gross National Product

H
HTM : Held to Maturity

I
IC : Index Currency
IRA : Individual Retirement Account
IPO : Initial Public Offering
IRA : Individual Retirement Account
ISO : International Organization for Standardization

J

K
KRI : Key Risk Indicators

L
LC : Local Currency
LCR : Liquidity Coverage Ratio
LLC : Limited Liability Company
LR : Liquidity Risk
LRM : Liquidity and Risk Management

M
M&A : Mergers and Acquisitions
MMKT : Money Market

N
NAV : Net Asset Value

O

P
P&L : Profit and Loss
P/E : Price:to:earnings ratio
PSP : Profit Sharing Plan

Q

R
REIT : Real Estate Investment Trust
ROA : Return on assets
ROE : Return on Equity
ROI : Return on Investment
ROS : Return on Sales

S
SEC : Securities Exchange Commission

T
TCO : Total Cost of Ownership

U
UIB : Unpaid Interest Balance
UIC : Update Internal Costs
UL : Unexpected Loss

V
VAT : Value Added Tax

W

X

Y
YTM : Yield To Maturity

Z
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Dividend Policy

“Dividend policy involves the decision to payout earnings or to retain then for reinvestment in the firm.” – Weston and Brigham

Dividend policy refers to the choice of firm to distribute its net earnings to shareholders, or to invest them in the business.” – Khan and Jain

“A company’s policy regarding distribution of its profits between distributions to shareholders and re-investment or reserve.” – Shyamal Banerjee

Stable Dividend Policy:

“Stability of dividends some items means regularly in paying some dividend annually, even though the amount of dividend may fluctuate from over years and may not be related with earnings.” – I. M. Pandey


Stock Dividend or Bonus Dividend:

“A stock dividend is the payment of additional stock to shareholders, represents nothing more than a recapitalization of a company, a stockholders proportional ownership remains unchanged.” – James C. Van Horne

“An issue of bonus share represents a distribution of shares in addition to the cash dividend to the existing shareholder.” – I. M. Pandey

“A stock dividend is the payment to existing owners of a dividend in form of stock.” – L. J. Gitman

Stock Split:

“A stock split is a method commonly used to lower the market price of firms stock by increasing the number of shares belonging to each shareholder.” – L. J. Gitman

“A share split is a method to increase the number of outstanding shares through a proportional reduction in the par value of the share.” – I. M. Pandey

Reserve Stock Split:

“Reserve stock split is a stock split in which the number of shares outstanding is decreased.” – James C. Van Horne

Stock Repurchase:
“Stock repurchase is a transaction in which a firm buys back shares of its own stock.” – E. F Brigham and J. F. Houston

Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP):

“Plan that enables stock holders to use dividends (received) on the firms stock to acquire additional shares.” – L. J. Gitman

DRIP is a plan that enables a stockholder to automatically reinvest dividends received back into the stock of the paying firm.” – E. F. Brigham

N.B: You can also read more Definition.
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Capital Budgeting

"Capital Budgeting describes the firm's formal planning process for the acquisition and investment of capital." - John J. Hampton

"Capital Budgeting is the long-term planning decisions for making and financing proposed capital out lays." - Horngren

"Capital Budgeting is the allocation of long term funds available o the firm among long term potential uses." - George A. Wing


"Capital Budgeting is identifying, analyzing and selecting investment projects whose returns (cash flows) are expected to extend beyond one years." - James C. Van Horne

"Capital Budgeting may be defined as the firm's decision to invest its current funds most efficiently in long term a activities in anticipation of an expected flow of future benefits over a series of years" - I. M. Pandey

"Capital Budgeting is the process of evaluating and selecting long term investment consistent with the firm's goal of owners wealth maximization." - L. J. Gitman

Pay Back Period:
Pay Back Period is the estimated time by which the original invested capital in a project can be recovered.

Net Present Value:
" The net present value is found by subtracting a projects initial investment from the present value of its cash inflows discounted at a rate equal to the firms cost of capital." - L. J. Gitman

"NPV may be described as the summation of the present values of cash proceeds (CFAT) in each outflows in the each year." - Khan and Jain

"The NPV equals the present value of the cash inflows minus the present value of cash outflows with the cost of capital used as a discount rate." - Block and Hirt

Internal Rate of Return:
"Internal Rate of Return is the discount rate that equates the present value of cash inflows with the investment associated with a project." - L. J. Gitman

"IRR is defined as the discount rate (R) which equals the aggregate present value of the net cash inflows (CFAT) wth the aggregate present value of cash outflows of the project." - Khan and Jain

"The internal rate of return is that discount rate that will cause the net preasent value of a project to be equal th zero." - Garrison and Noreen

Profitability Index:
"A measurement of the profitability of an investment computed by dividing the net present value by the initial cost of investment." - Schall and Haley

"Profitability index may be defined as the ratio which obtained dividing the present value of cash outflows." - Khan and Jain

Conflicting Ranking:
"Conflicts in the ranking given a project by NPV and IRR, resulting from differences in the magnitude and timing of cash flows."
- L. J. Gitman

Risk:
"Risk is the probability that the firm will be unable to pay its bills as they come due." - Lawrance J. Gitman

Financial Risk:
"The portion of stock holders risk over and above basic business risk, resulting from the use of financial average." - Weston and Brigham

Scenario Analysis:
"A scenario analysis is a risk analysis techniques which 'bad' and 'good' sets of financial circumstances are compared with most likely situation." - Prof. Besley and Brigham
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Capital Budgeting

Capital Structure:
"Capital Structure is the permanent financing of the firm represented primarily long term debt, preferred stock and common stock but excluding all short term credit." - Weston and Brigham

"Capital Structure is regarded as the proportion of debt and equity" - Van Horne

Optimum Capital Structure:
"The optimum capital structure may be defined as the capital structure or combination of debt and equity that leads to the maximum value of the firm." - Khan and Jain


"The optimum Capital Structure may be define as the relationship of debts and equity securities which maximizes the value of the firm's equity stock." - P. V Kulkarni


Arbitrage:
"Arbitrage simply means finding two things that are essentially the same and buying cheaper and selling the more expensive." - Van Horne

Formation of Capital:
"The amount which a community adds to its capital during a period is known as capital formation during the period." - Benham

Break even analysis (Indifference Point):
"The indifference point in planning capital structure is that point at which the after tax cost of acquisitions of outside fund (Preference share and Debt) is equal to the rate of return from the investment. At this point one is indifference as to the alternative financing plan." - B. Banerjee

"The point of indifference is always at the EBIT level at which EPS or return to equity, are the same regardless of the debt equity combination." - E. W. Walker

"The firm's break even point is the level of sales at with all operating costs are covered or alternatively when the EBIT is zero." - Khan and Jain
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Definition about Cost of Capital : Part - 02

Marginal Cost of Capital:
"The weighted average cost of new, or incremental Capital is known as the marginal cost of capital." - I. M. Pandey

"The marginal weights represent the percentage share of different financing sources the firm intends to raise/employ." - Khan & Jain


"The Required rate of return is its overall marginal cost of capital, that is, the cost of an added increment of capital." - Burton A. Kolb


Breaking Point:
"The level of total new financing at which the cost of one of the financing components rises. There by causing an up word shift in the weighted marginal cost of capital." - L. J. Gitman

"The point related to the weighted marginal cost of capital where the amount of capital that will be raised will require that additional common stock be issued. the WAMCC will rise lightly as the firms capital. Requirements exceeds this point." - Burton A Kolb

"The dollar value of new capital that can be raised before an increase in the firm's weighted cost of capital occurs." - Weston and Brigham

Cost of Debt:
Cost of debt is the rate of return expected by the lenders. Generally, this rate is the interest rate specified at the time of debt issue.

Cost of preference share capital:
The cost of preference share capital may be defined as the dividend expected by the preference share holder.

Cost of equity share capital: 
Cost of equity share may be defined as the minimum rate of return that a firm must earn on the equity financed portion of an investment project in order to leave unchanged the market price of the share.

Capital assets pricing model (CAPM):
The CAPM explains the behavior of security prices and provides a mechanism whereby investors could asses the impact of proposed security investment on their overall portfolio risk and returns. In other words, it formally describe the risk return trade off for securities.

Cost of retained earnings:
"The cost of retained earnings may be defined as opportunity cost in terms of dividends foregone by/with held from the equity share holders." - Khan & Jain

⇛ N.B: You can also read: Capital Structure
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Leverage:
"Leverage represents the use of fixed cost items to magnify the firm's results." - Stanley B. Block and G. A. Hirt

"Leverage may be defined as meeting on fixed cost or paying a fixed return for employing resources as fund." - S. C. Kuchhhal


"Leverage is created when a firm has fixed costs associated either with its sales and production operation or with its financing characteristics." - J. F. Weston, Scott, Besley and Eugene F. Brigham

"Leverage means the tendency to change profit at faster rate than sale." - G. A. Christy and F. E. Roden

Operating Leverage:
"Operating Leverage indicates the extend to which fixed assets i. e. plant and equipmetn are utilized by the firm." - S. B. Block & G. A. Hirt

"Operating Leverage may be defined as the ability to use the fixed operating cost to magnify the effects of changes in sales on earning before interest and taxes." - L. J. Gitman

Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL):
"When proportionate change in EBIT, as a result of change in sales, is more than the opportunity change in sales, operating leverage occurs." - M. Y. Khan and P. K. Jain

"Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) may be defined as the percentage change in operating income that occurs as a result of a percentage in units sold." - S. B. Block & G. A. Hirt

Operating Break-Even Point Analysis:
"The break-even point is that point of sales volume at which total revenue is equal to total costs." - I. M. Pandey

"The firm's operating break-even point is the sales volume required for total revenues to equal total operating costs. At that point, EBIT equals zero." - Gitman L. J.

"The break-even point is the sales volume required for total revenues to equal total operating costs or for operating profit equal to zero." - Van Horne


Financial Leverage:
"Financial leverage is, the firm's ability to use fixed financial charges to magnify the effects of changes in EBIT on the firm's earnings per share." - L. J. Gitman

"The use of fixed charge sources of funds such as debt and preference capital along with the owner's equity in the capital structure is described as financial leverage or trading-on--equity." - I. M. Pandey

Degree of Financial Leverage:
"Degree of Financial Leverage me be defined as the percentage changes in earning per share, that takes as a results of percentage in earnings before interest and tax." - S. B. Block & G. A. Hirt

Total Leverage or Combined Leverage:
"The Degree of Operating and Financial Leverages can be combined to see the effect of total lleverage on EPS associated with a given change in sales." - I. M. Pandey

"Total Leverage can be defined as the firm's ability to use fixed cost, both operating and financial to magnify the effect of change in sale on the firm's earnings per share." - L. J. Gitman

N.B: To read more: Definitiion
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Definition about Cost of Capital : Part - 01

Cost of Capital:
"The cost of capital is the rate of return a firm must earn on its investments in project in order to maintain the market value of its." - L. J. Gitman

"Cost of capital is the required rate of return on the various types of financing." - J. C. Van Horne

"Cost of Capital defined as the minimum rate of return that a firm must earn on its investment for the market value of the firm to remain unchanged." - Khan and Jain

The Project Cost of Capital:
"The project cost of capital is the minimum acceptable rate of return on funds committed to the project." - I. M. Pandy


Effective Investment Rate:
"The annual rate of interest actually being earns as opposed to quoted rate." - Bringham and Weston

Privately Owned Firms:
"There is a serious question about how are one." - Weston and Brigham

Historical Costs:
"The historical costs that were incurred in the past in raising capital are not relevant in financial decision making" - M. Pandy

Future Cost:
"It is an obvious fact to state that the relevant cost in the investment decisions is the future cost; that is, the cost that would be incurred if the firm were to raise capital from each source at the present time, or in the near future." - M. Pandy


Explicit Cost:
"The explicit cost of any source of capital is the discount rate that equates the present value of cash inflows that are incremental to the taking of financing opportunity with the present value of its incremental cash out flows." - Khan & Jain

Implicit Cost:
"The return to the second best alternative that is sacrifice for earning the return on the first best alternative." - Van Horne

"Implicit cost is the rate of return associated with best investments opportunity for the firm and its shareholders that would be foregone, if the project under consideration by the firm were accepted." - Khan & Jain

Weighted Average Cost of Capital:
"A firm's weighted cost of capital is a composite of individual cost of financing weighted by the percentage provided by each." - Martin and others

"The target proportions of debt, Preferred stock and common equity, along with the component cost of capital, are used to calculated the firms weighted average costs of capital." - Weston and Brighham

"The cost of each source or component is called specific cost of capital. When these specific costs are combined to arrive at overall cost of capital, it is referred to as the weighted average cost of capital." - Khan and Jain

"The overall cost of capital is weighted average of the individual required rates of return (Costs) for the various instruments with which the firm intends to finance." - Van Horne

Market Value of Weight:
"Market value weights measure the proportion of each type of capital at its market value." - L. J. Gitman

Target Weight:
"Target weights, which can also be based on either book or market values reflect the firms desired capital structure proportions." - L. J. Gitman

"Target capital structure is one which the firm intends to maintain in the long run give its operating conditions and attitude to word risk." - I. M. Pandy

Historical Weight:
"Historical weights, can be either book or market capital structure proportion." - L. J. Gitman

You can also read: Leverage

N.B: You can also read: Cost of Capital : Part - 02
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An attempt has been made to bring together definitions of 'Security Validation' from various books of reputed authors keeping in mind the BBA and MBA students of commerce department. Hopefully our sincere efforts in your talent development will be successful.

Definitions related to Security Validation

Valuation: "Valuation is the process that links risk and return to determine the worth of an assets." - L. J. Gitman

Value: Value is what an assets is worth today in terms of its potential benefits.

Cash Flow: "An assets does not have to provide as annual cash flow; it can provide and incremental cash flow or even a single cash flow over the period." - L. J. Gitman


Bond: "A corporate bond is a debt instrument indicating that a corporation has borrowed a certain amount and promise to repay it in the future under clearly defined terms."- L. J. Gitman

"A bond is a long term promissory note issued by a business or government unit." - Besely and Brigham

Zero Coupon Bond: "A zero coupon bond makes no periodic interest payments but interesd to sold at a deep discount from its face value." - Van Horne

Liquidation Value: The amount of money that could be realized if an asset or a group of assets is sold separately from its operating organization is liquidation value.

Going-concern Value: Going-concern value is the amount that a firm could realize if it sold its business as an operating business.

Market Value: The price at which an asset trades is called market value.

Intrinsic Value: The price a security "ought to have" based on all factors bearing on valuation is called intrinsic value.

Face Value:

Redemption Value: The value which a bondholder will get on maturity is called redemption value.

Preferred Stock Valuation: The stock which promises a fixed dividend, but at the discretion of the board of Directors is called preferred stock.

Rates of Return (Yields): The rate of return on an asset or investment for a given period, say a year, is the annual income plus any change in market price, usually expressed as a per cent of the opening market price.

Yield: Yield is the return on a security based on its current earnings in relation to its current price on the stock exchange.

"The rate, which sets the discounted value of the expected cash inflows equal to the security current market price is also referred to as the security's yield." - Van Horne

Yield to Maturity on Bonds (YTM): "Yield to maturity is the expected rate of return on a bond if brought at its current market price and held to maturity." - Van Horne

"The rate of return investors earn if they buy a bond at a specific price and hold it until maturity." - L. J. Gitman

If you have more definitions related to Security Validation in your collection, please send them.
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Time Value of Money

"The principal amount that money receive in the present is worth more than the same type as before amount received in the future."
- Mr. Benton


"The value of money refers to the fact that the same money return has a higher present value if it is to be received yearly than it is to be received later."
- E. A. Kolb

"Thar the value of a same of money received today is more than its value received after sometime."
- M. Y. Khan & Jain

Concept of Future Value:

"Future value is the value at some future time of a present amount of money or a series of payments, evaluated at a given rate."
- J. C. Van Horne and J. M. Wachowicz J. R.

"The future value of a present amount is found by applying compound interest over a specified period of time."
- L. J. Gitman

Annuity:

"An annuity is a stream of equal annual cash flows. It involves calculations based upon the regular periodic contribution or receipt of a fixed sum of money."
- Khan and Jain

"An annuity is a series of equal payments made at fixed intervals for a specified number of period."
- Basely and Brizham

"A annuity is a stream of equal cash flow. This cash-flows can be inflows of returns earned on investments or outflows of funds invested to earn future returns."
- L. J. Gitman

"An annuity is a series of equal payments or receipts occurring over a specified number of periods. In an ordinary annuity payments or receipts occur at the end of cash period."
- James C. Van Horne and John M Wachowicz JR.

Annuity Due:

"Annuity due calls foa series of equal payments occuring at the beginning of each period."
- J. C. Van Horne and J. M. Wachowicz

"An Annuity whose payments occurs at the beginning of each period is called an annuity due."
- Basely and Brizham

Perpetuity:

"A perpetuity is an ordinary annuity where payment or receipts continue forever."
- Van Horne and Wachowicz

" A perpetuity is an annuity with an infinite life in other words, and annuity that never stops providing its holder with a cash flow at the end of each year."
- L. G. Gitman

Present Value:

"The current value of a future amount of money, or a series of payments, evaluated at a given interest rate is called the present value of money."
- James C. Van Horne

"Present value is the current worth of a future monetary unit discount at the appropriate interest rate."
- Botten an Conn

"Present value is the value of money at a present date that will paid or receive in future period."
- Schall and Haley

Present value of perpetuity:

"A perpetuity is an ordinary annuity whose payments or receipts continue forever."
- Van Horne

"An annuity that goes on for ever is called a perpetuity."
- M. Y. Khan and Jain

Amortization:

"The provision for the gradual extinction of a debt by means of a sinking fund is called amortization."
- Dictionary of Economics and Commerce

"The setting aside of money at intervals for the gradual payment of a debt is called amortization"
- John J. Hampton

"Amortize means to pay back a debt by making small regular payments over a period of time."
- Oxford Dictionary
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Definition: Intermediate-Term and Long-Term Financing

Intermediate-Term Financing:
"Term loan are bank or installation loans for the period in excess of one year but usually less than ten years. Most term loans nature under five years."
- Button & Conn


"Intermediate term financing generally is thought to include maturities of one to five years."
- James C. Van. Horne

"Intermediate financing ordinarily refer to loans that for more than one year often for up to five years and sometimes up to ten years."
- Guthman & Dougall


Long-Term Financing:
"The firm's evidence of long deletes in which it typically promise to pay the bondholder a specified number of dollar of interest over a specified period and to reply the loan at the end of that period."
- Bolton and Conn

Bond or Debenture:
"When the corporation borrows fund on a long-term basis, it issues a long-term promissory note called a bond, to the lender."
- L. D. Schall & C. W. Haley

Bond Indenture:
"Bond indenture is the legal agreement between the corporation issuing bonds and the bond holders."
- J. C. Van Home
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Short-Term Financing

Definition of Short-Term Finance:Short-term credit is defined as any liability orginallly scheduled for payment within one year.
- J. Fred Weston & Engene F. Brigham

Funds available for a period one year or less is called short-term finance.
- I. M. Pandey



Meaning &Definition of Trade Credit:

Trade credit refers to the credit that a customer gets from suppliers of goods in the normal course of business.
- I. M. Pandey

Trade credit is an interim debt arising from credit sales and recorded as an accounts receivable by the seller and as an accounts payable by the buyers.
- J. F. Weston & E. F. Brigham

Revolving Credit:

Revolving credit agreement is formal legal commitment to extend credit up to some maximum amount over a stated period of time.
- Van Horn & Wachowicz
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Introduction to Finance

Definition of Finance: Finance is the act of providing the means of payment.

Finance consists of three interrelated areas: (1) Financial markets and institutions, (2) Investments and (3) Managerial finance.
- Besley & Brigham


Finance is the study of Markets and instilments that deal with cash flows over time.
- Ross, Westerfield and Jaffe


Definition of Business Finance:

Business finance is that business activity which is concerned with the acquisition and conservation of capital funds in meeting the financial need and overall objective of business enterprise.
- B.O. Wheeler

Business finance is concerned with the sources of funds available to enterprise of all sizes and the proper use of money or credit obtained from such sources.
- Prof. Gloss & Backer

Activities of a business concern relevant to financial planning co-ordination, control & their application is called business finance.
- E. W. Walker

Definition of Finance and Financial Management:
Financial Management is concerned acquisition, financing and management of assets with some overall goal in mind. Thus the decision function of function management can be broken down into three major areas: the investment, financing and asset management decision.
- James C. Vonhorn

Ethics:
Ethics as the normative science of the conduct of human beings living in society – a science which judges the conduct to be right or wrong, to be good or bad.
- William Lillie

Business Ethics:
Managerial ethics are standards of conduct and normal judgment used by managers of organizations in carrying out their business.
- Bartol & Martin

Business actually strengthens in competitive position by maintaining high ethical standards.
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Short Notes: Financial Management (Part-5)

» What is capital market?
Answer: Capital market is the market for long-them debt, bond and stock. The distinguishing feature of the securities that traded in capital markets is their life of longer than one year and common stock that has no maturity period.

» What is wealth maximization?
Answer: Wealth maximization means maximization the net present value or wealth of a course of action to shareholders.

» What are best efforts offering?
Answer: Best efforts offering Instead of underwriting a securities issue, investment bankers may sell the issue on a best efforts offering basis.

»What is the profitability index?
Answer: The ratio of the present value of a project’s future net cash flows to the project’s initial cash outflows.

»What is coefficient of variation?
Answer: The ratio of the standard deviation of a distribution to the mean of that distribution. It is a measure of relative risk.


» What is a zero NPV deal okay?
Answer: The discount rate reflects the opportunity cost of capital; it includes the necessary expected return on the investment.

» What is arbitrage?
Answer: Arbitrage means finding two assets that are essentially the same, buying the cheaper and selling the more expensive.

» What is the origin of the word finance?
Answer: Lain word finis is the origin of finance.

» What is the formula of CAPM or RADR?
Answer: RADR=R

» What is cash conversion cycle (CCC)?
Answer: The amount of time a firm’s resources are tied up. Calculated by subtracting the average payment period from the operating cycle.

You can also read: Financial Management : Part-1
It is an exclusive e-Learning Blog that has been dedicated to help keen learn students to boost their knowledge in different subjects.

Short Notes: Financial Management (Part-4)

» What is stock split?
Answer: A stock split is a method commonly used to lower the market price of a firm s stock by increasing the number of shares belonging to each stockholder.

» What is bird in hand argument?
Answer: The brief, in support of dividend relevance theory, that investors see current dividends as less risky than future dividends or capital gains.

» What is secondary market?
Answer: secondary market is the market in which existing, already outstanding securities are traded among investors. In secondary market, the original issuer has no part in the transaction.

» What are best efforts offering?
Answer: Best efforts offering Instead of underwriting a securities issue, investment bankers may sell the issue on a best efforts offering basis.

» What is Initial public offering?
Answer: Initial public offering is the new firm is successful the owners may want to take the company public with a sale of common stock to outside.

» What is money market?
Answer: A financial relationship created between suppliers of fund and demanders of short-term funds.


» What is private placement?
Answer: A private placement is the sale of stock to only one or a few investors, usually institutional investors.

» Define zero coupon bonds?
Answer: A zero-coupon is a bond brought at a price lower than its face value, with the face value repaid at Ale time of maturity.

» What is sale and leaseback?
Answer: Under the sale and leaseback arrangement, the firm sells an asset that it owns and then leases to same asset back from the buyer.

» What is reinvestment plan (DRIP)?
Answer: An operational plan allowing to automatically reinvest dividend payments in additional shares of the company’s stock.

» You can also read: Financial Management : Part-3
It is an exclusive e-Learning Blog that has been dedicated to help keen learn students to boost their knowledge in different subjects.

Short Notes: Financial Management (Part- 3)

» What is decision tree approach?
Answer: A decision tree is a graphic presentation of the relationship of the present decision with future events and decision.

»What is scenario analysis?
Answer: Scenario analysis is a risk analysis technique in which the best an worst case are compared with the projects expected NPV.

» What is simulation analysis?
Answer: Simulation is a statistical technique employed to have an insight into risk in a capital budgeting decisions. This technique applies predetermines probability distributions and random numbers of estimate risky outcomes.



» What is Indifference point?
Answer: Indifference point is the level of EDIT where EPS is the same of two alternatives.

» What is miller Model?
Answer: Merton Miller introduced a model designed to show how leverage affect firm values when both personal and corporate taxes are taken into account.

» What is optimum capital structure?
Answer: Capital structure that minimizes the firm cost of capital and thereby minimizes the value of the am.

» What is personal tax?
Answer: Tax paid on personal income as distinct form the tax paid on the firm earnings. In an incorporated firm, the owners (shareholders) pay taxes on both their income (salary or dividend form the firm) firm s income (profits). In partnership, the tax is paid once on the firm s profit.

» What is dividend yield?
Answer: anticipated annual dividend by the market price of the stock.

» What is flotation cost?
Answer: The costs associated with issuing secrities ‘such as underwriting’ legal, listing and printing fees.

» What is stock repurchase?
Answer: Stock repurchase is a program by which a company buys back its own shares from the marketplace reducing the number of outstanding shares.

It is an exclusive e-Learning Blog that has been dedicated to help keen learn students to boost their knowledge in different subjects.

Short Notes: Financial Management (Part-2)

» What is certainty equivocation (CE)?
Answer: Ails: The amount of cash someone would require with certainty at a point in time to make the individual indifference between that certain amount and amount expected to receive with risk at the same point of time.

» What is sensitivity analysis?
Answer: Sensitivity analysis indicates exactly how much NPV will change in response to given change in an input variable, other things held constant.

» What is probability?
Answer: The chance that a given outcome will occur.

» What is range?
Answer: A measure of asset risk which is found by subtracting the pessimistic (worst) outcome from the optimistic (best) outcome.

» What is an opportunity cost?
Answer: What is lost by not taking the next best investment alternative. For example, if the project requires the use of a building which could otherwise be sold, the market value of the building is an opportunity cost of the project.

» What is sunk cost?
Answer: A sunk cost is one that has already occurred and is not affected by the capital project decision. Sunk costs arenot relevant to capital budgeting decisions.

» What is Average Rate of Return?
Answer: The International Rate of Return is capital budgeting method that companies average after tax net cash inflow to average investment.

» What is Internal Rate of Return?
Answer: Internal Rate of Return is the discount rate that equates the sum of the present values of series cash inflows with the initial investment.

» What ids Profitability Index?
Answer: Profitability Index be defined as the ratio which is obtained by dividing the sum of present value of future cash inflows by the present of the cash outlay.

» What is Capital Rationing?
Answer: The Capital Rationing refers to the choice of investment proposals under financial constraints in terms of a given size of capital.


You can also read: Financial Management : Part-1
It is an exclusive e-Learning Blog that has been dedicated to help keen learn students to boost their knowledge in different subjects.

Short Notes: Financial Management (Part-1)

» What is profit maximization?
Answer: Profit maximization means maximizing the profit of the firm.

» What is economic value added EVA?
Answer: EVA is a popular measured by many firms to determine whether aw investment proposed or existing contributes positively to thrower’s wealth. EVA is calculated by subtracting the cost of funds used to finance n investment from its after-tax operation profits.

» What is public finance?
Answer: Financing by federal, state, local governments and municipal corporations are public finance. It is concerned with the financial requirement, receipts and disbursements of different government bodies.

» Who is treasurer?
Answer: The treasurer is financial manager of a firm. The treasurer’s functions are secondary and external, works and relate to the liability side of the balance sheet.

» What is financial market?
Answer: A financial market is market for creation and exchange of financial assets.

» What is primary market?
Answer: A primary is a “New issues” market and a firm raises new capital from this market.

» What is corporate financial?
Answer: Corporate financial deals with promotion, capitalization and financing, investing and financial administration of the carnation.

» What is agency problem?
Answer: Conflict of interest in my relationship where one party is expected to act in another’s best interest. This conflict of owner and personal goals arise what have been called agency problem, the like hood that managers may place personal goals ached of corporate goals.

» What is agency cost?
Answer: The cost borne by the stockholders to maintain a governance structure that maximizes agency problems and contributes to the maximization of owner wealth.

» What is risk premium?
Answer: The excess return required from an investment in a likely assets over that from a risk free investment.


You can also read: Financial Management : Part-2